Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height.

Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are predicted to collectively explain 40-50% of phenotypic variation in human height, but identifying the specific variants and associated regions requires huge sample sizes1. Here, using data from a genome-wide association study of 5.4 million individuals of diverse ancestries, we show that 12,111 independent SNPs that are significantly associated with height account for nearly all of the common SNP-based heritability. These SNPs are clustered within 7,209 non-overlapping genomic segments with a mean size of around 90 kb, covering about 21% of the genome. The density of independent associations varies across the genome and the regions of increased density are enriched for biologically relevant genes. In out-of-sample estimation and prediction, the 12,111 SNPs (or all SNPs in the HapMap 3 panel2) account for 40% (45%) of phenotypic variance in populations of European ancestry but only around 10-20% (14-24%) in populations of other ancestries. Effect sizes, associated regions and gene prioritization are similar across ancestries, indicating that reduced prediction accuracy is likely to be explained by linkage disequilibrium and differences in allele frequency within associated regions. Finally, we show that the relevant biological pathways are detectable with smaller sample sizes than are needed to implicate causal genes and variants. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive map of specific genomic regions that contain the vast majority of common height-associated variants. Although this map is saturated for populations of European ancestry, further research is needed to achieve equivalent saturation in other ancestries

Carolus Kings’ fraternitas in 9th century according to Nithardus

In the 9th century, there were keen competitions and political strifes among grandsons of Carolus Magnus, father of Europe, what we called, who has accomplished the frame of Frankish kingdom. Unfortunately, the political union based on ‘caritas’ and ‘fraternitas’, proposed by Ludovicus Pius, successor of Carolus Magnus, has not worked because his sons could not accept the political proposal of their father. Finally, their deep-rooted disputes met the end with the Oath of Strasbourg 842 and the Treaty of Verdun 843.&#x0D; In this way, it was ‘fraternitas’ that emerged as carolus governing principle to unit sons of Ludovicus Pius. Giving the continuity and the legitimacy of carolus royal family, it said that fraternitas was not only starting point to provide the ruling principle of Frankish kingdom but also resolve the political conflicts of carolus kings. As an observer, for the sake of his mother, Berthe, Nithardus wrote the political disputes and the military clash from Ludovicus Pius to his sons through Historiae. This historian proposed fraternitas as the carolus ruling ideology to carolus kings, his maternal cousins in his Historiae. In this article, it aims to analyze the fraternitas, carolus ruling ideology leading rough political and military disputes in 9th century.</jats:p

The Study Of ‘V1+connective ending+V2’Korean Serial Constructions

This paper aims to examine that a structure of ‘V1-a V2’ is separated by focus particles. The categories of verb linking constructions which combine focus particles are the same in terms of the morphological identity, but not the syntactic-semantical identity. In addition, it violates the Lexical Island Constraint and causes a contradiction between form and meaning when focus particles are combined with compound verbs. It seems to be induced by the specificity of each category of the ‘V1-a V2’ and the application of variable semantic domains of focus particles. Therefore, this paper argues the phenomenon mentioned above based on Copy Theory. As a result, the higher copy of the focus particles is not realized in the PF layer due to phonological restrictions while the copies of the focus particles are realized differently depending on the discourse semantic situation in the LF layer.</jats:p