Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch

34. Commission de la Parallaxe Solaire

1. Catalogue of Primary Reference Stars. Two lists of primary reference stars containing, in all, 821 stars were prepared by Prof. Kopff and published in Ast. Nach.224, No. 5375 and 226, No. 5403. These stars were widely observed at the following Observatories: Babelsberg, Cincinnati, Cape, Greenwich, Bergedorf, Heidelberg, La Plata, Leiden, Lick, Padova, Uccie and Washington. The stars were selected to give as uniform a distribution as possible to a distance of I° on either side of the path of Eros according to the preliminary ephemeris of Prof. Gustav Witt (Ast. Nach.224, No. 5375; M.N.R.A.S.85, 997, 1925). The early observations of Eros in the autumn of 1930 indicated that the actual path of Eros deviated considerably from the path indicated by this ephemeris and that the deviation near the time of opposition, when the motion of Eros was almost entirely in declination, would amount in R.A. to about 15 minutes of arc. The primary comparison stars as selected would thus extend on one side of the path, near opposition, to a distance of only 45’. This necessitated either (1) centring the photographic plates on the computed path of Eros, or (2) centring the photographic plates on Eros itself and selecting and observing sufficient additional primary comparison stars to cover the blank strip. It was finally decided to adopt the second alternative and a third list of reference stars, containing eighty-seven stars, was prepared by Prof. Kopff and published in Ast. Nach.240, No. 5756, with a recommendation that sufficient stars of the second list should be re-observed along with the stars of the new list to enable the new observations to be reduced to the system which Prof. Kopff had meanwhile derived from the observations of the two main lists.</jats:p

34. Commission de la Parallaxe Solaire

Much progress has been made since the last meeting of the Union in the measurement and reduction of photographic plates and in the reduction of micrometric observations obtained near the opposition of Eros, 1930-31. The reduction of photographs and measures which are dependent upon positions of secondary comparison stars have had necessarily to be postponed until the positions of these ‘stars are available. In this report, the present position of the investigations is summarized.1. Reference Stars, (a) Primary. The positions of these stars, based on meridian observations at several observatories, were published by A. Kopff, H. Nowacki and F. Gondolatsch in Ast. Nach. 241, Nos. 5781-2 and 244, Nos. 5852-3. The reduction of series of path plates, taken for the purpose of providing positions of secondary reference stars, and of series of Eros plates obtained with telescopes of astrographic focal length have shown that the positions of some of these stars are considerably in error. As is to be expected in view of their smaller average weight, the largest discordances are in the positions of some of the southern stars.</jats:p

5. Commission des Analyses de Travaux et de Bibliographie

Dans la note qu’il a rédigée en vue de ce rapport, M. J. Mascart rappelle les résolutions prises à la réunion de Leyde en 1928 (Trans, of the I.A.U. 3, 1928, p. 300). Il signale qu’il a mis au point toutes les abréviations; pour les sources allemandes il est d’accord avec MM. Kopff et Neugebauer, ce résultat est d’autant plus important qu’en Allemagne il existe, pour les abréviations, une entente entre astronomes et physiciens. Mais il faudrait publier les abréviations et ensuite que les auteurs s’y conforment. En ce qui concerne les résolutions de Leyde, M. Mascart rappelle que (résolution 3) l’Union a conseillé aux auteurs de fournir eux-mêmes un bref résumé de leur travail, cet usage s’est développé mais n’est pas encore assez général.</jats:p

3. Commission des Notations, des Unités et de l’économie des Publications

At the Cambridge meeting in 1932 the following resolutions of Commission 3 were adopted by the Union:1.Que l’équinoxe de 1900.0 soit adopté pour tous catalogues qui ne sont pas catalogues de précision et que quand on désirera plus tard de changer l’équinoxe celui de 2000.0 soit adopté.2.Que les abréviations (à 4 lettres) des noms des astérismes qui se trouvent dans le Catalogue of Bright Stars (Schlesinger) soient approuvées à l’exception de cinq astérismes qui seront représentés par Arie, Cane, Dlph, Tria, Tr Au (v. Trans. LA.U. 4, 221, 1932).3.Que la Commission favorise l’établissement d’une notation uniforme dans l’astronomie, à moins qu’il n’y ait pas de conflit avec de notations semblables dans les sciences alliées.With the publication of the volume Délimitation Scientifique des Constellations and the Atlas Céleste, and the adoption of standard sets of three-letter abbreviations (Rome 1922) and four-letter abbreviations (Cambridge 1932) for the constellations, important work was brought to a close. The main task now before Commission 3 appears to be the working out and publication of a set of notations covering the whole field of astronomy.</jats:p

3. Commission des Notations, des Unités et de L’Économie des Publications

At the meeting held at Leiden on July 13, 1928, the Union approved the recommendation of Commission 3 to adopt new boundaries for the constellations north of 12°·5 south declination, these boundaries being, in each case, hour circles or parallels of declination. The Union also approved of a grant to cover the cost of publishing an atlas showing these new boundaries. The boundaries were defined by Mr Delporte of the Uccle Observatory from whom this proposal originally came. Mr Delporte’s boundaries were carefully examined at Yale Observatory in order to make sure that no variable stars would have their designations changed, and that a minimum of stars having Baeyer or Flamsteed designations would be moved to other constellations. After making a few minor alterations on these accounts, Mr Delporte sent his manuscript to the General Secretary, under whose supervision the Cambridge University Press published, in 1930, a volume entitled, Délimitation Scientifique des Constellations. At the suggestion of the present writer this volume extends not merely to 12°·5 south declination, but from pole to pole. Gould had, for the most part, defined the southern constellations by hour circles and parallels; in the few cases where this had not been done, Mr Delporte revised the boundaries accordingly.</jats:p

5. Commission des Analyses de Travaux et de Bibliographie

M. Mascari a adressé, en vue des assemblées de Leyde (1928) et de Cambridge (Mass.) en 1932, un long rapport contenant les abréviations méthodiques (Transactions of the I. U.A . 3, pp. 19-39 et 4, pp. 21-2). M. Mascari a eu le regret de constater que beaucoup trop souvent, les auteurs ne font pas le plus léger effort pour lutter contre leurs habitudes et se soumettre à une discipline étroite.M. Grouiller suggère que l’Union publie une liste des abréviations concernant les publications astronomiques proprement dites; quant à celles qui ne renferment que très occasionnellement de l’astronomie, on pourrait toujours rétablir les abréviations en se servant des listes d’abréviations générales déjà publiées par l’Union transactions of the I.U.A. 3, pp. 34-7). En ce qui concerne la bibliographie mensuelle, dirigée actuellement par M. le Comte de la Baume-Pluvinel, M. Grouiller est d’avis que la Commission adopte une motion d’approbation telle que la suivante: “La Commission a appris avec satisfaction la réunion en un seul organe des publications bibliographiques assurées par la Société astronomique de France et l’Association française d’observateurs d’étoiles variables. Elle recommande la continuation de cette publication contrôlée par une commission spéciale représentant ces deux Sociétés.”</jats:p

23. Commission de la Carte du Ciel

Depuis le dernier Rapport, la Commission de la Carte du Ciel a été durement et douloureusement éprouvée par la mort imprévue de son eminent Président H. H. Turner. Il laisse parmi ses collègues de profonds et unanimes regrets.Il s’était ardemment dévoué à ses fonctions de Président et, plus particulièrement, à l’achèvement du Catalogue photographique, auquel, sous sa direction, l’Observatoire de l’Université d’Oxford avait déjà pris une grande part. Sous son impulsion, et souvent avec le concours de son Observatoire, des Zones en retard avaient accompli d’importants progrès. Sa fin prématurée ne lui aura pas permis de voir le Catalogue terminé. Après comme avant la mort de Turner, la poursuite de ce but, qui lui était cher, demeure la tâche la plus urgente.</jats:p

23. Commission de la Carte du Ciel

Depuis la réunion de Cambridge, en 1932, la Commission de la Carte du Ciel a vu, avec un profond regret, disparaître son vénérable et eminent Président d’Honneur, M. Benjamin Bafflaud, artisan de la première heure de l’œuvre de la Carte du Ciel. Il était l’un des rares survivants du Congrès initial de Paris en 1887. Comme directeur de l’Observatoire de Toulouse d’abord, de l’Observatoire de Paris ensuite, il avait pris aux travaux une grande part personnelle; comme Président du Comité international permanent, il avait été, pendant de longues années, l’ordonnateur et l’animateur de l’œuvre. Il n’avait jamais cessé de s’en occuper.</jats:p

16. Commission Pour les Observations Physiques des Planétes, des Cométes et des Satellites

The following works embodying researches coming within the scope of this Commission have been published since the last meeting of the Union:1. “Recherches sur la polarisation de la lumière des planètes et de quelques substances terrestres,” by B. Lyot, Annales de l’Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 3, Fase. i. Characteristic curves are found representing the fraction of light polarized in the case of the Moon and several of the planets for the angles Sun-Moon or planet-Earth and compared with curves obtained in the laboratory for light reflected by a number of terrestrial substances. Some of the conclusions arrived at are referred to in the notes below.2. La Planète Mars 1656-1929, by E. M. Antoniadi. This is based mainly on the author’s own telescopic observations with the 0.83 m. Meudon refractor in 1909 and the following years, and contains the author’s conclusions therefrom. The work of numerous earlier and contemporary observers is also summarized and compared with the Meudon observations.3. The Moon, by W. Goodacre. Contains a description of the lunar surface formations, numerous drawings, charts and photographs, and the author’s revised Map of the Moon in 25 sections.4. “Ricerche Polarigrafiche sui Pianeti. La Polarizzazione sul Disco di Giove,” by M. Maggini, Mem. della Soc. Astron. Italiana, 4.5. La Constitution des Comètes, by F. Baldet. Paris, Hermann et Cie. 1930.6. “ Halley’s Comet in its Apparition of 1909-1911,” by Nicholas T. Bobrovnikoff, Pub. of the Lick Observatory, 17, pt 11, 1931.7. “Absorptionsspektren und Atmosphären der grossen Planeten,” by R. Wildt, Nach, von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Klasse, 1932.</jats:p